تشتهر شركة المراهنات Mostbet من المغرب بموثوقيتها العالية وأمانها في جميع أنحاء العالم. هنا يمكنك تجربة حظك في كازينو عبر الإنترنت أو المراهنة على الألعاب الرياضية، وستجد أيضًا مكافآت وعروض ترويجية ممتازة ورهانات مجانية ولفات مجانية واحتمالات عالية وعمليات سحب سريعة. وسيسمح لك تطبيق الهاتف المحمول الخاص بنا بالاستمتاع باللعبة على أكمل وجه: ما عليك سوى تنزيل Mostbet على Android أو iOS من الموقع الرسمي.

Urobilinogen in Urine

Urobilinogen is a product of bilirubin  a colorless substance  resulting from the breakdown of bilirubin. Resident bacteria within the intestines converts urobilinogen into stercobilin. Some urobilinogen is sent from intestine to kidney for excretion while some of them get converted to urobilin. The yellow color of the urine is regulated by urobilin. On the other hand, feces get its brown color with help of stercobilin.

Bilirubin which results in urobilinogen in turn is a product of hemoglobin breakdown. Breakdown of RBC causes unconjugated form of bilirubin. Unconjugated bilirubin reaches the liver where it gets converted into conjugated form.  This soluble bilirubin becomes bile component; bile is a fluid produced in the liver and gets deposited in the gallbladder. Consuming high fat food will cause the gallbladder to secrete bile to aid in fat digestion process. This bile then transfers to the small intestine. After reaching the intestine bilirubin undergoes conversion again due to resident bacteria which are present in the intestine. This conversion is what leads to production of urobilinogen.

Some of this urobilinogen is used by the intestine while some are transferred to the kidney for egestion. Some amount of urobilinogen gets converted to urobilin which is expelled from the body through urine. The amount which is not absorbed by intestine often transforms into stercobilin and is egested through feces.

Increased urobilinogen amount in the urine often indicates hyperbilirubinemia wherein bilirubin is present in excessive amount in the blood. This condition is also sometimes recorded in newborn babies. In this case bilirubin is in unconjugated form and gathers in child’s brain; this may cause seizures, ocular issues and also mental retardation. Liver inflammation and cirrhosis are other conditions which may increase the amount of this substance significantly. If there is obstruction in the bile passageway the level of urobilinogen may become anomalously low.

Urobilinogen in Urine – Causes and Clinical Significance

The amount of urobilinogen in urine may increase due to present of hemolytic process, for example hemolytic anemia. Other factors that causes increased amount of this substance may include hepatitis infection or cirrhosis. Low level of urobilinogen in urine may occur due to complete obstructive jaundice. Some treatments that include broad spectrum antibiotics which can destruct bacterial flora in the intestine can also cause low urobilinogen in urine. Decreased urobilinogen may also be result of congenital enzymatic jaundice which is the aforementioned hyperbilirubinemia syndrome. Drugs that acidify the urine also truncate the level of this substance in urine. These drugs may include ascorbic acid or ammonium chloride.

Excessive break down of red blood cells that cause hemolytic anemia also causes increased level of urobilinogen in urine. Other situations include overburdening of liver, increased production of urobilinogen, restricted functioning of the urine, liver cirrhosis, hepatic infection, etc. Measuring range of urobilinogen is 0 to 8 mg/dl. Normal range off urobilinogen is below 17 umol/l, which less than 1 mg/dl.

 Test for Urobilinogen in Urine

Urobilinogen test is based on Ehrlich Aldehyde Reaction. The urine may have pink-reddish color due to Para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction with urobilinogen. Chemical reagent strip response of urine upsurges with rise in the body temperature. However, the best temperature for testing this substance is 22 degree to 26 degree Celsius. Fresh sample of urine is always better for obtaining best results. Watson Schwartz quality test can be used to confirm results that are equal to or greater than 2.0 Ehrlich units. This test can differentiate between porphobilinogen and urobilinogen.

  • False positive urobilinogen result

False-Positive reaction of urobilinogen can occur with chemical reagent strip technique in case of presence of substance that may react with Ehrlich’s reagent. These substances may include sulfonamide or para-aminosalicyclic acid. Medicine with Azo dyes has gold color that can disguise the reaction leading to false positive reaction. 

  • False-Negative urobilinogen results

If the urine sample has been kept in room temperature exposed to light for long time then false-negative result may occur due to instability of urobilinogen during chemical reagent strip test. Also in case when formalin is present, false negative urobilinogen result may be recorded.

Urobilinogen in urine – causes

One of the most common causes of urobilinogen in urine is hemolytic anemia caused either due to hemolysis in blood vessels or other region of the human body. RBC breakdown in blood vessel is also referred to as intravascular hemolysis while RBC breakdown in other body part is referred to as extravascular hemolysis. To understand whether high urobilinogen rate in urine is due to this condition it is better to track the symptoms. Some of the symptoms of this condition include shortness of breath and fatigue or lethargy. There are also chances of jaundice and increased risk of gallstone development and pulmonary hypertension.

Since there are possibilities that increased urobilinogen in urine may be indication of underlying physical condition as explained above, it is essential to undergo diagnosis if you experience urine changes. You should meet your doctor if you suffer from smelly urine or notice changes in urine color.

2 comments

  1. The talent to initiate an online casino on a smartphone makes the gaming change more easy and does not tie the better to a stationary computer, and remarkable PC programs provide a secure Internet connection. Gamblers are cheerful to buy such software to access gambling relaxation, so operators forth them functional applications in place of smartphones and PCs. On this time we have unperturbed the trounce casino apps also in behalf of Android with a natural boodle game.
    Many operators put forward free download of online casinos for Android onexbet for real money with withdrawal to electronic wallets or bank cards. Expressive casinos are being developed for the convenience of customers and attracting a larger audience. Such applications obtain a gang of undeniable advantages:

    Access to the casino from anywhere where there is Wi-Fi or plastic Internet. At the same all at once, applications do not establish up much space in the machination’s memory.
    The functionality corresponds to the desktop version of the resource: you can arouse bonuses, participate in tournaments, crammed your account, fake opening machines in search legal tender in the relevance with the withdrawal of winnings, etc.
    End-to-end registration. There is no need to additionally cash register from your phone if you have on the agenda c trick an active account.
    For free demos. Gamblers can launch any video job or board tournament in a freed lawsuit mode.
    The simply impediment of the version adapted for lightweight devices may be the lack of some titles in the presented collection. The mobile application of an online casino with slit machines to go to playing for medium of exchange gives access solely to slots in HTML5 style, but so by a long shot not all providers from redesigned their portfolios in accordance with this requirement. Degree, the largest manufacturers own been producing slot machines seeing that certain years captivating into account new standards and remaking old titles instead of them, which are chiefly trendy amidst gamblers.

    Moreover, providers stomach into account the features of handy devices when creating games. A special interface and special modes of utilize are being developed after them. After model, Wazdan offers a aspect that increases the battery concision of the appliance by way of 40%, and Ultra Lite technology, which preserves the simile grade and download speed with a indisposed Internet connection. Vacancy machines on the phone play a joke on one a start button and a bet au fait with control.

    The gaming interface on a matter-of-fact box is marginally modified compared to the desktop manifestation, so it is absolutely useful to compete with in the casino request in the service of long green from your phone, oversee slots and slit machines. The cardinal menu is recondite in drop-down windows, and links to the pre-eminent sections are secured at the cut off or origin of the screen. Also, the online converse term button after contacting technical support specialists is unexceptionally in sight.

    Since the Google Misuse and AppStore digital giving out services interpose strict restrictions on gambling programs, you can download the casino perseverance to your phone after playing legal wherewithal from the documented website. To download, you will need a tie-in to the apk systematize and the user’s permission to position and rove the program. Sometimes operators delivery detailed installation instructions on the page with a component, and if there are difficulties, the customer can always consult with the client service.

    Some licensed casinos also submit clients programs for intimate computers and laptops. You can Casino App them from the certified website. Such software is popular due to unwavering uninterrupted access to games from the desktop without using a browser.

  2. Регистрация и основные шаги в casino x
    Для входа позволительно извлекать социальные тенета в x casino. Однако в случае, когда кто-то хочет создать полную учетную запись, было желание гордо пользоваться регистрационную форму. Там должен довольно заполнить некоторые поля, примерно, эпитет пользователя и адрес электронной почты.

    Замечание! Электронная почта очень важна, потому который она играет занятие связующего звена среди депозитом и счетом. Присутствие этом, в случае, коли пользователь потеряет доступ, адрес электронной почты довольно использован для подтверждения его владения.

    Казино добавило специальную страницу, на которой дозволено охранять изза всеми будущими акциями и специальными предложениями. Игроки, которые хотят терпеть удачу, должны использовать ее, дабы удерживать внимание.

Leave a comment

Your email address will not be published.